FYP 2(WEEK 12)

Measurement on Frequency

Resonance is a phenomenon that causes an object to vibrate when energy of a certain frequency is applied. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system (usually a linear system) to oscillate with larger amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system’s resonant frequencies. In these particular frequencies, small periodic driving forces even can produce oscillations having large amplitude.

Resonant Frequency

From the Figure above, we make the table and graph to collect all the data from oscilloscope. The waveform or result showed that increasing the length of the distance between transmitter and receiver coil will decreased the output frequency of coil.

The signal obtained from oscilloscope is in a sinusoidal form and it match with the theory that an electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.

Resonant frequency only happens when the value of inductive and capacitive reactance is equal (X_L=X_C ).

Coil size = 12N,7cm;

FYP 2(WEEK 11)

        i.            Measurement on cross sectional area of wires.

This analysis is to determine and compare the two different types of AWG wires. One is 23 AWG and the other is 20 AWG.

No	Description	Value for 20 AWG	Value for 23 AWG
1	Area cross section	1.020 mm2	0.259 mm2
2	Wire diameter	0.081 cm	0.057 cm
3	Permeability of coil	4π x 10-7	4π x 10-7
4	Radius of wire	0.040 cm	0.029 cm
5	Max current	1.5A	0.729A
6	Max frequency	27 kHz	53 kHz

Comparison of 20 AWG and 23 AWG

a) The result below shows the comparison between using the fixed diameter of turns and number of turns.

When Transmitter size=18N,10cm and

 Receiver diameter of turns is fixed, d =9cm

Transmitter		Receiver		Maximum distance for 23 AWG (cm)	Maximum distance for 20AWG (cm)
No. of turns	Diameter of turns	No. of turns	Diameter of turns
18N	10cm	7N	9cm	2cm	3.5cm
		10N	9cm	5cm	5.5cm
		12N	9cm	6cm	7cm
		14N	9cm	7cm	9cm

Result on distance based on different AWG

Graph on distance based on different AWG

b)The condition when measurement at 2cm distance.

When Transmitter size=18N,10cm and

 Receiver diameter of turns is fixed, d =9cm

Transmitter		Receiver		Output voltage for 23 AWG	Output voltage for 20 AWG
No. of turns	Diameter of turns	No. of turns	Diameter of turns
18N	10cm	7N	9cm	1.87V	2.89V
		10N	9cm	3.92V	5.46V
		12N	9cm	6.07V	8.18V
		14N	9cm	7.31V	10.11V

Result on output voltage based on different AWG

Graph on output voltage based on different AWG

FYP 2 (WEEK 10)

   i.            Measurement on output voltage

The condition when measurement at 2cm distance.

a)When Transmitter size=18N,10cm and

    Receiver diameter of turns is fixed, d =9cm

Transmitter		Receiver		Output voltage for Input voltage 9V	Output voltage for Input voltage 12V
No. of turns	Diameter of turns	No. of turns	Diameter of turns
18N	10cm	10N	9cm	2.2V	3.92V
		12N	9cm	3.71V	6.07V
		14N	9cm	3.90V	7.31V
		20N	9cm	14.6V	21.4V

From the Graph on Output Voltage 1, comparison is made between the output voltage that used input voltage 9V and 12V. The transmitter is fixed to the size of 18N,10cm. The highest value stated when the receiver at the size 20N,9cm, the output voltage is 14.6V(9V input) and 21.4V(12V input). The lowest value stated when the receiver at the size 10N,9cm, the output voltage is 2.2V(9V input) and 3.92V(12Vinput).

FYP 2 (WEEK 9)

        i.            Measurement on distance

The result below shows the comparison between using the fixed diameter of turns and number of turns.

a)When Transmitter size=18N,10cm and

    Receiver diameter of turns is fixed, d =9cm

Transmitter		Receiver		Maximum distance (cm)
No. of turns	Diameter of turns	No. of turns	Diameter of turns
18N	10cm	10N	9cm	5cm
		12N	9cm	6cm
		14N	9cm	7cm
		20N	9cm	15cm

From the Graph on Distance 1, observation is made to achieve the maximum distance. The  transmitter size is 18N,10cm. The diameter of turns at receiver is fixed for 9cm.The maximum distance stated when the receiver at the size 20N,9cm which is 15cm. The lowest value stated when the receiver at the size 10N,9cm which is 5cm. The graph shows gradually increased because the transmitter size is bigger than the receiver size.

     

FYP 2 (WEEK 8)

when number of turns is fixed to 12 and value of diameter of turns has varied to 4 values which are 7,9,10,12.

Number of turns (N)	Diameter of turns (cm)	Inductance (mH)
12	7	3.244mH
12	9	4.376mH
12	10	4.957mH
12	12	6.147mH

The graph when the number of turns =12 is fixed;

Figure shows graph on the Inductance VS Diameter of Turns. The number of turns has fixed to be 12 and the diameter of turns has varied to 4 values which are 7, 9, 10, 12. The values of inductance are getting increase as the diameter of turns increasing. The highest value of inductance is 6.147mH for 12cm diameter, and the lowest value of inductance is 3.244mH for 7cm diameter. The greater coil diameter presents less opposition to the formation of magnetic field flux for a given amount of field force (amp-turns).